How is a Variable Ratio Schedule characterized?

A Variable Ratio Schedule is characterized by the reinforcer occurring after a fluctuating number of responses. This means that the delivery of reinforcement is not predictable and varies, which is a fundamental aspect of this schedule. For example, in a Variable Ratio Schedule, a person might receive a reward after 1 response, then after 4 responses, then after 3 responses, and so on, with the average number of responses needed for reinforcement being consistent over time, but the exact number varying.

This unpredictability tends to create a high and steady rate of responding, as the individual continues to engage in the behavior in anticipation of the next reinforcement. The variability in the number of responses required keeps the individual motivated, as they are uncertain about when the next reward will come, leading to persistent effort and engagement in the behavior.

By understanding this characteristic, one can better appreciate how and why Variable Ratio Schedules are often used in settings such as gambling or in certain types of training programs, where motivation and persistent behavior are desired outcomes.